01. Otu esi ahazi recarburizers
Enwere ike kewaa carburizers n'ụdị anọ dịka akụrụngwa ha siri dị.
1. Artificial graphite
Isi akụrụngwa maka imepụta graphite artificial bụ ntụ ntụ dị elu nke calcined petroleum coke, nke a na-agbakwunye asphalt dị ka ihe nkedo, na-agbakwunye obere ihe ndị ọzọ inyeaka. Mgbe agwakọta ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche, a na-agbanye ha ma guzobe ha, wee mesoo ha na ikuku na-adịghị oxidizing na 2500-3000 Celsius C iji mee ka ha dị na graphitized. Mgbe ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ dị elu, ash, sọlfọ na gas na-ebelata nke ukwuu.
N'ihi ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke ngwaahịa graphite artificial, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime recarburizers artificial graphite nke a na-ejikarị na ebe a na-emepụta ihe bụ ihe eji emegharị dị ka ibe, electrodes na-ekpofu na graphite blocks mgbe ị na-emepụta electrodes graphite iji belata ọnụ ahịa mmepụta.
Mgbe ị na-agbaze ígwè ductile, iji mee ka ịdị mma metallurgical nke nkedo dị elu, graphite artificial kwesịrị ịbụ nhọrọ mbụ maka recarburizer.
2. Petroleum koke
Mmanụ mmanụ bụ coke nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe.
Coke mmanụ ala bụ ngwaahịa a na-enweta site na nchacha mmanụ crude. A na-eji ihe ndị fọdụrụ na mmanụ mmanụ enweta site na distillation n'okpuru nrụgide nkịtị ma ọ bụ n'okpuru nrụgide nke mmanụ crude dị ka ihe eji eme ihe maka ịmepụta mmanụ ala coke, mgbe ahụ, a ga-enweta coke green petroleum mgbe coke gachara. Mmepụta coke mmanụ ala ahịhịa ndụ bụ ihe na-erughị 5% nke mmanụ crude a na-eji. Ihe a na-emepụta kwa afọ nke raw petroleum coke na United States bụ ihe dị ka nde tọn 30. Ọdịnaya adịghị ọcha dị na coke mmanụ ala ahịhịa ndụ dị elu, yabụ enweghị ike iji ya ozugbo dị ka onye na-ebugharị ya, na a ga-ebu ụzọ kọọ ya.
Coke mmanụ ala dị n'ụdị sponge, agịga, granular na ụdị mmiri.
A na-akwado sponge petroleum coke site na usoro mkpuchi egbu oge. N'ihi sọlfọ dị elu na ọdịnaya ọla ya, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe dị ka mmanụ ọkụ n'oge a na-agbakọta, a pụkwara iji ya mee ihe dị ka akụrụngwa maka petroleum coke. A na-ejikarị sponge coke calcined eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ aluminom yana dị ka onye na-ebugharị ya.
A na-akwado coke mmanụ ala site na usoro coking egbu oge nwere akụrụngwa nwere ọdịnaya dị elu nke hydrocarbons aromatic yana obere ọdịnaya adịghị ọcha. Coke a nwere ụdị agịga na-agbaji ngwa ngwa, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ graphite coke, a na-ejikwa ya eme electrodes graphite mgbe a gụchara ya.
granular petroleum coke dị n'ụdị granules siri ike ma na-esi na akụrụngwa nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya nke sọlfọ na asphaltene site na usoro coking egbu oge, a na-ejikarị ya eme mmanụ.
A na-enweta coke mmanụ ala nwere mmiri mmiri site n'ịkwachi akwa na akwa mmiri.
Calcination nke petroleum coke bụ iwepu sọlfọ, mmiri mmiri na ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe. Calcination nke green petroleum coke na 1200-1350°C nwere ike ime ka ọ bụrụ ezigbo carbon.
Onye kachasị na-eji petroleum coke calcined bụ ụlọ ọrụ aluminom, 70% nke a na-eji eme anodes nke na-ebelata bauxite. Ihe dị ka 6% nke coke mmanụ ala nke a na-emepụta na United States ka a na-eji eme ihe na-emegharị ihe nkedo ígwè.
3. Eke graphite
Enwere ike kewaa graphite eke ụzọ abụọ: flake graphite na microcrystalline graphite.
Microcrystalline graphite nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya ash na a naghị eji ya eme ihe dị ka recarburizer maka nkedo ígwè.
E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị flake graphite: nnukwu carbon flake graphite kwesịrị ka e were ụzọ kemịkal wepụta ya, ma ọ bụ kpoo ọkụ na oke okpomọkụ iji mebie ma gbanwee oxides dị na ya. Ọdịnaya ash dị na graphite dị elu, yabụ na ọ dịghị mma ka ejiri ya mee ihe dị ka recarburizer; A na-ejikarị carbon graphite eme ihe dị ka recarburizer, mana ego ahụ abụghị nke ukwuu.
4. Coke na Anthracite
N'ime usoro nke ọkụ ọkụ eletrik na-eme nchara, enwere ike ịgbakwunye coke ma ọ bụ anthracite dị ka recarburizer mgbe ị na-akwụ ụgwọ. N'ihi nnukwu ntụ na ọdịnaya ya na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọkụ induction na-agbaze igwe nkedo adịghị adịkarị ka eji emegharị ihe.
Site na mmụba na-aga n'ihu nke ihe nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi chọrọ, a na-akwụkwu nlebara anya na oriri ihe onwunwe, na ọnụ ahịa nke ígwè ezì na coke na-aga n'ihu, na-eme ka ọnụ ahịa nkedo na-abawanye. Ọtụtụ ebe a na-emepụta ihe na-amalite iji ọkụ eletrik dochie agbaze cupola ọdịnala. Ná mmalite nke 2011, ogbako obere na ọkara akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ anyị nakweere usoro ịgbaze ọkụ eletrik iji dochie usoro ịgbaze cupola omenala. Ojiji nke nnukwu nchara nchara na ọkụ ọkụ eletrik na-agbaze nwere ike ọ bụghị nanị ibelata ụgwọ ọrụ, kamakwa imeziwanye ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke nkedo, ma ụdị recarburizer eji na usoro carburizing na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa.
02. Otu esi eji recarburizer na-agbaze ọkụ induction
1 Ndị isi ụdị recarburizers
Enwere ọtụtụ ihe eji eme ihe dị ka nkedo ígwè recarburizers, nke a na-ejikarị bụ graphite artificial, petroleum coke, graphite eke, coke, anthracite, na ngwakọta nke ihe ndị dị otú ahụ mere.
(1) Artificial graphite N'etiti ụdị recarburizers dị iche iche a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu, àgwà kachasị mma bụ graphite artificial. Isi akụrụngwa maka imepụta graphite artificial bụ ntụ ntụ dị elu nke calcined petroleum coke, nke a na-agbakwunye asphalt dị ka ihe nkedo, na-agbakwunye obere ihe ndị ọzọ inyeaka. Mgbe agwakọta ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche, a na-apịa ha ma kpụzie ha, wee mesoo ha na ikuku na-adịghị oxidizing na 2500-3000 Celsius iji mee ka ha na-ese foto. Mgbe ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ dị elu, ash, sọlfọ na gas na-ebelata nke ukwuu. Ọ bụrụ na enweghị mmanụ ala coke calcined na elu okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ na-ezughị calcination okpomọkụ, àgwà nke recarburizer ga-emetụta nke ukwuu. Ya mere, àgwà nke recarburizer tumadi dabere na ogo graphitization. Ezigbo recarburizer nwere carbon graphitic (irighiri uka) Na 95% ruo 98%, ọdịnaya sọlfọ bụ 0.02% ruo 0.05%, ọdịnaya nitrogen bụ (100 ruo 200) × 10-6.
(2) Coke mmanụ ala bụ ihe a na-eji recarburizer eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe. Coke mmanụ ala bụ ngwaahịa a na-enweta site na nchacha mmanụ crude. Enwere ike iji ihe ndị fọdụrụ na mmanụ ala enwetara site na nrụgide nrụgide mgbe niile ma ọ bụ mkpochapụ nke mmanụ crude dị ka akụrụngwa maka nrụpụta mmanụ ala coke. Mgbe ichichachara, enwere ike nweta coke petroleum raw. Ọdịnaya dị elu na enweghị ike iji ya ozugbo dị ka onye na-emegharị ihe, ma a ga-ebu ụzọ kọọ ya.
(3) Enwere ike kewaa graphite eke ụzọ abụọ: flake graphite na microcrystalline graphite. Microcrystalline graphite nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya ash na a naghị eji ya eme ihe dị ka recarburizer maka nkedo ígwè. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị flake graphite: nnukwu carbon flake graphite kwesịrị ka e were ụzọ kemịkal wepụta ya, ma ọ bụ kpoo ọkụ na oke okpomọkụ iji mebie ma gbanwee oxides dị na ya. Ọdịnaya ntụ dị na graphite dị elu ma e kwesịghị iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe na-emegharị ihe. A na-ejikarị graphite carbon dị ọkara mee ihe dị ka recarburizer, mana ego ahụ adịghị oke.
(4) Coke na anthracite N'ime usoro mgbaze ọkụ induction, enwere ike ịgbakwunye coke ma ọ bụ anthracite ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-ebugharị mgbe ị na-ebufe. N'ihi nnukwu ntụ na ọdịnaya ya na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọkụ induction na-agbaze igwe nkedo adịghị adịkarị ka eji emegharị ihe. , Ọnụ ego nke recarburizer a dị ala, ọ bụkwa nke obere recarburizer.
2. Ụkpụrụ nke carburization nke ígwè a wụrụ awụ
N'ime usoro mgbaze nke ígwè nkedo sịntetik, n'ihi nnukwu ihe mkpofu agbakwunyere na ọdịnaya C dị ala na ígwè a wụrụ awụ, a ghaghị iji carburizer mee ka carbon dịkwuo elu. Carbon dị n'ụdị mmewere na recarburizer nwere okpomọkụ na-agbaze nke 3727 Celsius na enweghị ike ịgbaze na okpomọkụ nke ígwè a wụrụ awụ. Ya mere, carbon dị na recarburizer na-agbaze na ígwè a wụrụ awụ site n'ụzọ abụọ nke mgbasa na mgbasa. Mgbe ọdịnaya nke graphite recarburizer na ígwè a wụrụ awụ bụ 2.1%, graphite nwere ike agbaze ozugbo na ígwè a wụrụ awụ. Ihe ngwọta kpọmkwem nke carbonization na-abụghị graphite adịghị adị, mana ka oge na-aga, carbon na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbasa ma gbazee n'ime ígwè a wụrụ awụ. N'ihi na recarburization nke nkedo ígwè gbazere site induction ọkụ, recarburization ọnụego nke crystalline graphite recarburization bụ nke ukwuu nke ukwuu karịa nke ndị na-abụghị graphite recarburizers.
Nnwale na-egosi na mgbaze nke carbon n'ime ígwè a wụrụ awụ na-achịkwa site na nnyefe carbon mass na oyi akwa oke mmiri dị n'elu akụkụ ahụ siri ike. N'ịtụle nsonaazụ a na-enweta na coke na coal particles na nsonaazụ a na-enweta na graphite, a chọpụtara na mgbasa na mgbasa nke graphite recarburizers na ígwè a wụrụ awụ na-adị ngwa ngwa karịa nke coke na coal particles. A na-ahụ ihe nlele igwe eletrọnịkị nke coke na coal nke gbazere n'otu akụkụ, wee chọpụta na e hiwere akwa ntụ ntụ na-adị mkpa n'elu ihe nlele ahụ, nke bụ isi ihe na-emetụta mgbasa ha na mgbaze ha na igwe gbazere.
3. Ihe ndị na-emetụta mmetụta nke mmụba carbon
(1) Mmetụta nke nha nha nke recarburizer The absorption ọnụego nke recarburizer na-adabere na ngwakọta nke mgbasa na mgbasa nke recarburizer na ọnụego nke oxidation ọnwụ. N'ozuzu, akụkụ nke recarburizer dị ntakịrị, mgbasa ozi na-agba ọsọ ngwa ngwa, na ọnwụ ọnwụ dị ukwuu; ihe ndị ahụ carburizer buru ibu, mgbasa ozi na-adị ngwa ngwa, na ọnwụ ọnwụ dị ntakịrị. Nhọrọ nke nha nha nke recarburizer metụtara dayameta na ikike nke ọkụ ọkụ. N'ozuzu, mgbe dayameta na ikike nke ọkụ ọkụ dị ukwuu, akụkụ nke ihe nkedo recarburizer kwesịrị ibu ibu; N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, nha nha nke recarburizer kwesịrị ịdị ntakịrị.
(2) Mmetụta nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke recarburizer agbakwunyere N'okpuru ọnọdụ nke ụfọdụ okpomọkụ na otu ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ, njupụta nke carbon n'ime ígwè a wụrụ awụ bụ ihe doro anya. N'okpuru ọkwa ụfọdụ nke saturation, ka recarburizer na-agbakwụnye, ogologo oge a chọrọ maka mgbasa na mgbasa, na-abawanye ụbara nha nhata, na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ absorption.
(3) Mmetụta nke okpomọkụ na ọnụego absorption nke recarburizer N'ụkpụrụ, elu okpomọkụ nke ígwè a wụrụ awụ, na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma na ntinye na mgbasa nke recarburizer. N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, recarburizer siri ike igbari, na recarburizer absorption ọnụego na-ebelata. Otú ọ dị, mgbe okpomọkụ nke ígwè a wụrụ awụ dị elu nke ukwuu, ọ bụ ezie na recarburizer nwere ike ịgbaze n'ụzọ zuru ezu, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọkụ na-ere ọkụ nke carbon ga-abawanye, nke ga-emecha mee ka ibelata ọdịnaya carbon na mbelata n'ozuzu ya. absorption ọnụego nke recarburizer. N'ozuzu, mgbe igwe a wụrụ awụ dị n'etiti 1460 na 1550 Celsius C, arụmọrụ nke recarburizer kacha mma.
(4) Mmetụta nke ígwè a wụrụ awụ na-akpalite na ọnụego absorption nke recarburizer Stirring na-aba uru na mgbasa na mgbasa nke carbon, ma na-ezere recarburizer na-ese n'elu ígwè a wụrụ awụ na ọkụ. Tupu recarburizer agbaze kpamkpam, oge na-akpali akpali dị ogologo na ọnụ ọgụgụ absorption dị elu. Mkpali nwekwara ike ibelata oge ijide carbonization, belata usoro mmepụta ihe, ma zere ọkụ nke ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na ígwè a wụrụ awụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na oge na-akpali akpali dị ogologo, ọ bụghị nanị na ọ na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ndụ ọrụ nke ọkụ ọkụ, kamakwa ọ na-eme ka ọnwụ nke carbon dị na ígwè a wụrụ awụ mgbe agbazere recarburizer. Ya mere, oge mkpali kwesịrị ekwesị nke ígwè a wụrụ awụ kwesịrị ekwesị iji hụ na recarburizer na-agbaze kpamkpam.
(5) Mmetụta nke ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke ígwè a wụrụ awụ na ọnụego absorption nke recarburizer Mgbe mbụ carbon ọdịnaya na ígwè a wụrụ awụ dị elu, n'okpuru ụfọdụ solubility ókè, absorption ọnụego nke recarburizer na-adị nwayọọ, absorption ego bụ obere. , na mfu na-ere ọkụ dị nnọọ ukwuu. Ọnụego nnabata recarburizer dị ala. Ihe dị iche bụ eziokwu mgbe ọdịnaya carbon mbụ nke ígwè a wụrụ awụ dị ala. Na mgbakwunye, silicon na sọlfọ na ígwè a wụrụ awụ na-egbochi nnabata nke carbon ma belata ọnụego nnabata nke recarburizers; ebe manganese na-enyere aka ịmịkọrọ carbon ma melite ọnụego nnabata nke recarburizers. N'ihe banyere ogo mmetụta, silicon bụ nke kasị ukwuu, na-esote manganese, na carbon na sọlfọ enwechaghị mmetụta. Ya mere, na usoro mmepụta n'ezie, a ga-ebu ụzọ tinye manganese, mgbe ahụ, carbon, na silicon.
4. Mmetụta nke dị iche iche recarburizers na Njirimara nke nkedo ígwè
(1) Ọnọdụ ule ejiri ọkụ induction ugboro abụọ 5t na-enweghị isi mee ihe maka agbaze, yana ike kachasị nke 3000kW yana ugboro 500Hz. Dị ka ndepụta batching kwa ụbọchị nke ogbako ahụ si dị (50% ihe nloghachi, 20% ígwè ezì, 30% scrap), jiri obere nitrogen calcined recarburizer na ụdị recarburizer ụdị graphite iji gbazee ọkụ nke ígwè a wụrụ awụ n'otu n'otu, dịka Usoro chọrọ Mgbe emezigharị ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ, tụba okpu isi cylinder n'otu n'otu.
Usoro mmepụta: A na-agbakwunye recarburizer na ọkụ eletrik na batches n'oge usoro nri maka ịgbaze, 0.4% isi inoculant (silicon barium inoculant) na-agbakwunye na usoro ntinye, na 0.1% nke abụọ na-agba ọsọ inoculant (Silicon barium inoculant). Jiri ahịrị styling DISA2013.
(2) Mechanical Properties iji nyochaa mmetụta nke abụọ dị iche iche recarburizers na Njirimara nke nkedo ígwè, na iji zere mmetụta nke wụrụ awụ ígwè mejupụtara na ya pụta, a wụrụ awụ ígwè mejupụtara gbazere dị iche iche recarburizers na-doziri ịbụ isi otu. . Iji chọpụta nke ọma nsonaazụ ya, na usoro nnwale, na mgbakwunye na ihe nlele abụọ nke Ø30mm, a na-awụsa n'ime ọkụ abụọ nke ígwè a wụrụ awụ, a na-ahọrọkwa ihe nkedo iri na abụọ n'ime ígwè ọ bụla a wụrụ awụ na-enweghị usoro maka ule siri ike Brinell. (6 iberibe / igbe, nwale igbe abụọ).
N'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ihe ahụ mejupụtara, ike nke ogwe ule a na-emepụta site na iji ụdị recarburizer nke graphite dị elu nke ukwuu karịa nke ihe nlele ule nke a na-agbanye site na iji ụdị recarburizer nke calcined, na arụmọrụ nhazi nke ihe nkedo na-emepụta site na ya. ụdị graphite recarburizer doro anya karịa nke a na-emepụta site na iji ụdị recarburizer graphite. Ihe nkedo nke ndị recarburizers calcined na-emepụta (mgbe ike nke nkedo ahụ dị oke elu, akụkụ nke nkedo ahụ ga-apụta ihe na-amali mma n'oge nhazi).
(3) Ụdị graphite nke ihe nlele na-eji ụdị graphite recarburizer bụ ụdị graphite niile, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ graphite buru ibu ma nha dị ntakịrị.
A na-enweta nkwubi okwu ndị a site na nsonaazụ ule ndị dị n'elu: ụdị recarburizer dị elu nke graphite nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị melite ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke nkedo, melite nhazi metallographic, kamakwa melite arụmọrụ nhazi nke nkedo.
03. Epilogue
(1) Ihe ndị na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ absorption nke recarburizer bụ nha nha nke recarburizer, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke recarburizer agbakwunyere, recarburizer okpomọkụ, oge mkpali nke ígwè a wụrụ awụ na ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke ígwè a wụrụ awụ.
(2) Ụdị recarburizer dị elu nke graphite nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị melite ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke nkedo, melite nhazi metallographic, kamakwa melite arụmọrụ nhazi nke nkedo. Ya mere, mgbe ị na-emepụta ngwaahịa ndị dị mkpa dị ka cylinder blocks na cylinder isi na usoro ịgbaze ọkụ induction, a na-atụ aro ka iji ụdị recarburizers dị elu nke graphite.
Oge nzipu: Nov-08-2022