Elektrọd graphite nwere ike itinye n'ọrụ dị ukwuu ma na sel mmanụ hydrogen na ngalaba ike nuklia, uru ha bụ isi sitere na ike eletriki dị elu nke ihe ahụ, iguzogide okpomọkụ, nkwụsi ike kemịkalụ, na ikike mgbanwe neutron. E depụtara ọnọdụ na ụkpụrụ ngwa kpọmkwem n'okpuru:
I. Ngalaba Mkpụrụ Mmanụ Hydrogen: Nkwado Isi maka efere Bipolar na ihe ndị e ji eme electrode
Nhọrọ Dị Mkpa Maka Efere Bipolar
Efere graphite bipolar na-eje ozi dị ka "ihe ndabere" nke mkpokọta sel mmanụ hydrogen, na-arụ ọrụ anọ dị mkpa: nkwado nhazi, nkewa gas, nchịkọta ugbu a, na njikwa okpomọkụ. Nhazi ọwa mmiri ha na-ekewa hydrogen na oxygen nke ọma, na-ahụ na nkesa otu nha nke gas reactant na-eme ka arụmọrụ mmeghachi omume dịkwuo mma. N'otu oge ahụ, oke okpomọkụ ha na-eme ka okpomọkụ sistemụ kwụsie ike. Na 2024, mmepụta na ire ere ụgbọala hydrogen mmanụ eletrik nke China mụbara site na ihe karịrị 40% kwa afọ, na-akwalite mgbasa ozugbo na ahịa efere bipolar. Efere graphite bipolar ruru 58.7% nke òkè ahịa efere bipolar nke China, nke bụ isi n'ihi uru ọnụ ahịa ha (30%-50% dị ala karịa efere bipolar metal) na teknụzụ ịkpụzi ọkụ na-akpali akpali.
Ọrụ Mmezi-Arụmọrụ na Ihe Electrode
- Ihe Elektrọd Na-adịghị Mma: Oke ike eletriki na nkwụsi ike kemịkalụ nke graphite na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe zuru oke maka elektrọd na-adịghị mma nke mkpụrụ ndụ mmanụ hydrogen, na-eme ka nnabata elektrọn dị irè na nnabata ion dị mma ma na-ebelata ike iguzogide dị n'ime.
- Ihe Ndochi Electrode Positive: Na sodium/potassium ion exchange resin positive electrodes, graphite na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-aga nke ọma ma na-eme ka ụzọ njem ion dịkwuo mma.
- Ọrụ Nchedo: Mkpuchi graphite na-egbochi njikọ kpọmkwem n'etiti electrolytes na ihe electrode na-adịghị mma, na-egbochi ire ere oxidation ma na-agbatị ndụ batrị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu ụlọ ọrụ mere ka ndụ okirikiri nke electrodes na-adịghị mma okpukpu abụọ site n'itinye oyi akwa nchekwa graphite mejupụtara.
Mgbanwe Teknụzụ na Ike Ahịa
Nha ahịa maka efere graphite dị gịrịgịrị (ọkpụrụkpụ ≤ 0.1 mm) ejiri mee ihe na efere bipolar nke mkpụrụ ndụ mmanụ hydrogen ruru RMB nde 820 na 2024, yana ọnụego uto kwa afọ nke 45%. Ka ebumnuche "carbon abụọ" nke China na-akwalite mmepe nke usoro ụlọ ọrụ ike hydrogen, a na-atụ anya na ahịa mkpụrụ ndụ mmanụ ga-agafe ijeri RMB 100 ka ọ na-erule 2030, nke na-eme ka ọchịchọ maka efere bipolar graphite dịkwuo elu ozugbo. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, nnabata buru ibu nke akụrụngwa mmepụta hydrogen electrolysis mmiri na-eme ka ngwa electrodes graphite dịkwuo elu na sistemụ nchekwa ike mmeghari ohuru.
II. Ngalaba Ike Nuklia: Nchedo Dị Mkpa Maka Nchekwa na Ịrụ Ọrụ nke Reactor
Isi ihe maka nhazi na njikwa Neutron
E bu ụzọ mepụta elektrọd graphite dị ka ndị na-achịkwa neutron maka reactors axial-graphite, na-achịkwa ọnụego mmeghachi omume nuklia site n'ibelata ọsọ neutron iji hụ na ọrụ reactors kwụsiri ike. Ebe mgbaze ya dị elu (3,652°C), iguzogide nchara, na nkwụsi ike radieshon (ịnọgide na-enwe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe n'okpuru ikpughe radieshon ogologo oge) na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nhọrọ zuru oke maka mkpanaka njikwa reactor nuklia na ihe nchebe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, reactor gas-juru oyi nke China (HTGR) na-eji graphite ọkwa nuklia dị ka ihe ndabere maka ihe mmanụ ọkụ, yana njikwa siri ike na ọdịnaya adịghị ọcha (karịsịa boron) na ọkwa ppm iji zere nnyonye anya nnabata neutron.
Ọrụ Na-aga nke Ọma n'Ebe Okpomọkụ Dị Elu
N'ime ihe nrụpụta nuklia, graphite ga-anagide oke okpomọkụ (ruo 2,000°C) na gburugburu radieshon siri ike. Oke ike ya dị elu (100–200 W/m·K) na-eme ka nnyefe okpomọkụ dị ngwa n'ime ihe nrụpụta ahụ, na-ebelata ebe ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-eme ka arụmọrụ njikwa okpomọkụ ka mma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọgbọ nke anọ HTGRs na-eji graphite dị ka ihe owuwu bụ isi, na-enweta ojiji mmanụ nuklia dị irè site na mmetụta neutron nke graphite na-ebelata.
Ihe ịma aka teknụzụ na ihe ndị dị mkpa n'ụlọ
- Ọzịza nke radieshọn neutron: Ogologo oge ikpughe na radieshọn neutron na-eme ka olu graphite gbasaa (ọzịza neutron), nke nwere ike imebi iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke radieshọn. China ebelatala nke a site n'ịhazi nhazi ọka graphite (dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji isotropic graphite) iji chịkwaa ọnụego ọzịza n'okpuru 0.5%.
- Mmelite Redioactive: Graphite na-emepụta isotopes redioaktivu (dịka ọmụmaatụ, carbon-14) mgbe ejiri reaktọ ahụ, nke chọrọ usoro pụrụ iche (dịka ọmụmaatụ, teknụzụ mmanụ ihe mkpuchi nke HTGR) iji belata ihe egwu nke ịmalite ọrụ.
- Mmepe Mmepụta n'ime Obodo: Na 2025, graphite nke mba China maka HTGRs gafere asambodo mba, a na-atụkwa anya na ọchịchọ ga-agafe tọn metric 20,000, na-emebi ikike mba ofesi. Otu ụlọ ọrụ belatara ọnụ ahịa graphite nke mba nuklia site na 30% site n'itinye ikike mmepụta coke n'ime obodo, na-eme ka asọmpi zuru ụwa ọnụ ka mma.
III. Mmekọrịta nke ngalaba dị iche iche na usoro ọdịnihu
Mmelite Ihe Ọhụrụ Maka Mmezi Arụmọrụ
- Mmepe Ihe Ndị Dị n'Otu: Ijikọta graphite na resin ma ọ bụ eriri carbon na-eme ka ike igwe na iguzogide nchara dịkwuo mma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, efere bipolar graphite-resin na-agbatị ndụ ọrụ ruo ihe karịrị afọ ise na electrolyzers ụlọ ọrụ chlor-alkali.
- Teknụzụ Mgbanwe Elu: Mkpuchi Nitride na-eme ka ike eletrik nke graphite dịkwuo mma, na-edozi obere ike ya ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọla ma na-emezu ihe achọrọ maka mkpụrụ ndụ mmanụ ọkụ dị elu.
Njikọta Ayika Ụlọ Ọrụ na Nhazi Ụwa
Ụlọ ọrụ China na-ahụ na ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe na-adịgide site na itinye ego n'ime ala ebe a na-egwupụta graphite (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Mozambique) na itinye ụlọ ọrụ nhazi Malaysia, ebe ha na-ejigide teknụzụ ndị bụ isi n'ime obodo. Isonye na ntọala ọkọlọtọ mba ụwa (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụkpụrụ nnwale elektrọd ISO graphite) na-eme ka nduzi teknụzụ sikwuo ike ma na-eleba anya na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi dịka ụtụ isi ókèala carbon nke EU.
Amụma na Uto Ahịa Na-akwalite
China na-achọ ịbawanye òkè nke ime ígwè ọkụ eletrik ruo 15%-20% ka ọ na-erule 2025, na-eme ka ọchịchọ electrode graphite dịkwuo elu n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ngalaba ndị na-apụta ìhè dịka ike hydrogen na nchekwa ike na-enye ohere ahịa trillion-yuan maka electrodes graphite. Atụmatụ mweghachi ike nuklia zuru ụwa ọnụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ebumnuche Japan maka 20% ụgbọala hydrogen ka ọ na-erule 2030 na mmụba nke itinye ego nuklia na Europe) ga-eme ka ngwa electrodes graphite gbasaa na usoro mmanụ ọkụ nuklia na mmepụta hydrogen.
Oge ozi: Ọgọst-05-2025